Abulfedea, Ismael see Ismael Abulfedea.
Achior (biblical legend, note that in Ortelius’ time the bible was by definition the Catholic bible, not the Jewish or Protestant one) was supposedly a general in the army of Holofernes serving Nebucadnezar, King of the Assyrians. Holofernes was slain by the Jewish heroine Judith, according to the book of Judith in the bible. Achior is reported to have become a Jewish proselite afterwards. "Story of Judith and Holofernes" (Ort182)
Story of Judith and Holofernes: Ort182.2.
Acosta, Joseph (died in 1599) from Medina del Campo, Spain, belonged to the Jesuits and worked for a long time as a missionary in the West Indies. His work has ethnical, historical and geographical significance. He wrote "Historia natural y moral de las Indas" Sevilla, Spain 1590, 1591, Madrid 1604, translated into Italian by Paolo Galucci, Venice, 1604, and into French by Robert Regnault, Paris 1596. Further "De Natura Novi Orbis lib. II" (Ort11), Salamanca Spain 1589, 1595, and "De Procuranda Indorum Salute Libri VI", Cologne 1596.
De Natura Novi Orbis: 11.28, Bk.1, ch.17 Ort12.26
Acron (1st century B.C.) was a contemporary of Horatius who wrote some comments (Ort212).
Interpreting Horatius: Ort212.27.
Adam de la Planche see Planche, Adam de la.
Adamæus, Theodoricus (died in 1541) of Schwallenberg in Gelria has, next to his edition of Procopius, also written "De ædificiis Iustiniani Imp. De Rhodo insula".
Ort147.20.
Adamus of Bremen (died about 1081) was a scholar in Bremen and the first German geographer. He wrote a Church History called "Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiæ pontificum" (Ort85,86,93,161), of which book 4 is called "De situ Daniæ".
Ecclesiastical History: Ort86.6, 86.10, 161.2, 200.63, Bk.1: Ort93.3.
Adonis (Greek mythical figure)
Ort38.5
Adrichom, Christaan van (1533-1585) was a theologian and surveyor from Delft, the Netherlands who died in Cologne. His works "Briefe Description of Jerusalem", Cologne 1588 and "Theatrum Terrae Sanctae" Cologne 1590 (Ort72) were often reprinted.
Ort72.19.
Ægidius Martinus see Martinus, Ægidius.
Ægidius, Tschudi see Tschudi, Ægidius.
Ælianus, Claudius (abt. 175-235 A.D.) came from Italy but wrote in Greek. His most important works are "De Varia Historia, anecdotes about famous personalities (Ort186,193,196,213,214,216,231) and "De Animalibus" moralising stories from the animal world with many excerpts from earlier authors (Ort193,203,210,212,224; 206, quoting Theopompus).
Ort117.5, 118.5, 190.7, 190.42, 192.16, 193.26, 193.54, 196.49, 199.31, 200.31, 203.18, 203.24, 203.27, Ort204.5, 204.10, 205.5, 205.10, 210.8, 212.21-23, 216.4, 216.20, 216.24, 216.32, 216.33, 217.4, 217.5, 217.11, 217.25, 217.30, 218.27, 220.2, 221.33, 221.39, 222.4, 224.46, 231.5;
De varia historia: Ort193.39, 196.94, 213.11, 216.46, Bk.2 Ch.5: Ort193.39, Bk.3 Ch.14: Ort214.27, Bk.3 Ch.1: Ort231.7-13, Bk.3, Ch.28: Ort186.10.
De Animalibus Bk.1 Ch.1: Ort210.24, Bk.5 Ch.12: Ort224.58, Bk.7 Ch.12: Ort203.17, Ch.25: Ort193.59, Bk.13, Ch.3: Ort12.10, Bk.14, Ch.23: Ort212.25, Bk.16 Ch.34: Ort217.13; Quoting Theopompus in De Animalibus Bk.17, Ch.16: Ort206.10.
Ælius, Antonius see Antonius Ælius.
Ælius, Aristeides see Aristeides.
Ælius, Gallus (first century B.C.) was praefect of Egypt from 26-24 B.C. By order of Emperor August he undertook an expedition to Arabia Felix with disastrous results. After six months Gallus was obliged to return to Alexandria, having lost the greater part of his force. He was a friend of the geographer Strabo who gives an account of Gallus’ expedition. (Ort222).
Ort222.29.
Ælius, Spartianus see Antonius Ælius Spartianus,
Æmilius, Paulus (16th century) wrote "De rebus gestis Gallorum libri IX", Paris 1550, a French history (Ort 44).
French History: Ort44.4, 45.4, 54.9
Æneas, Sylvius Piccolomini (1405-1464) from Consignano near Siena, a diplomat and man of letters, crowned poet laureate by Frederick III of Germany. Piccolomini is better known since 1458 as Pope Pius II. He wrote a geographical-historical lexicon of Europe called "In Europam", also Historia Europæ" (Ort93,99,100,105,106,143,152,153,168,169), Memmingen 1490 and a Cosmography "Cosmographia vel de mundo universo historiarum liber I" Venice, Italy 1477 dealing mainly with Asia. He has also written "Historia Bohemica" (Ort101,104) and "Descriptio urbis Viennensis" as part of "Historia Austriaca" which in turn is the Third Volume of his "Historia Friderici III" (Ort106), and "Epistula ad Mahumetum" (Ort105,106) which appeared in 1470, attempting to convert the Turkish ruler to Christianity. He was an influential writer, well known because of his work "De duobus amantibus", a love story set in Siena telling of the beautiful Lucretia, unhappily married to the wealthy Menelaus, and her lover Euryalus, a German official travelling in the entourage of Emperor Sigismund.
Ort4.6, 5.7, 93.7, 93.22, 101.9, 101.22, 102.13, 103.13, 107.2, 108.2, 109.7, 111.4, 111.6, 112.6, 114.8, 137.33, 148.4, 149.8, 155.16;
History of Bohemia: Ort101.6, 104.10;
Description of Europe: Ort100.4, 105.7, 106.7, 106.9, 143.4, 143.8, 152.7, 153.7, Ch.4: Ort168.8, 169.8, Ch. 23: Ort99.4; Epistles: Ort105.7, 106.7;
Historia Austriaca: Ort106.9.
Æschylus (c. 525-456 B.C.) is the first of the great Greek tragedy writers (the other two being Sophocles and Euripides). He fought in the Greek army against the Persians. His tragedies won him 13 victories over competitors, the first dating from 484 B.C. He is supposed to have written 90 tragedies, 79 titles of which are still known, but only 7 survive: "The Persians", "Seven against Thebe", "The supplicants", "Prometheus Bound", and "The Oresteia", consisting of "Agamemnon, Choephoroi, Eumenides", (Ort189).
Ort189.20.
Æschinus (c.390-314 B.C.) was a Greek orator and envoy involved in politics, and a contemporary of Demosthenes. Three of his orations have survived. His "Epistles" (Ort216) are incorrectly attributed to him and probably date from the 2nd century B.C.
Epistle: Ort216.45.
Æsopus (6th century B.C.) is best known for his "Fables", which have not survived in their original form in Greek, but through Demetrius of Phaleron (c. 300 B.C.). The first printed edition of Æsopus' fables in Latin appeared in 1479 in Verona, and many editions appeared subsequently, such as the 1485 edition in Latin and Italian in Naples, the 1491-93 edition of Paris, and many more.
Ort222.5.
Æthicus, Ister, most probably also known as Vergilius from Salzburg (died in 784), wrote a "Cosmography".
Æthicus is once mentioned on mapsheet Ort190, and once on mapsheet Ort191;
Ort3.19, 192.59, 193.9, 204.7, 205.7, 209.14, 209.18, 232.21.
Afer, Dionysius, see Dionysius Apher.
Afer, Optatus (fourth century A.D) was a bishop of Carthage.
Ort123.10, 203.5.
Africanus Ioannes Leo, see Leo Africanus.
Agatarchides see Agathias.
Agathias (also Agathius or Agatharchides) "the Greek" (181-146 B.C.) was a Greek historian and geographer who wrote treatises on Asia, Europe and the Red Sea in the style of Thucydides. He also wrote a "History" (Ort232).
Ort131.25, 196.40, 200.60, 200.65, 217.2, 220 mentioned on the mapsheet a number of times, 221.22, 224.9, 224.46, 224.48, 224.53, 224.54, Bk.5: Ort214.32, 214.38;
History: Ort232.27.
Agatharchides see Agathias.
Agricola, Georg (1490-1555) was a German physician and the father of Mineralogy. He wrote numerous works on minerals which were collectively published in Basel in 1550 and 1558. A German edition appeared in 1580, referred to by Ortelius (Ort96).
Ort96.3.
Agricola, Rudolphus Frisius (15th century) from Friesland spent most of his life in Italy. He wrote "De inventione libri tres", "Obediences to the Pope"(1484), "Life of Petrarca" and an academic oration "De Philosophiae Laudibus" (1476).
Ort81.5, 191.7.
Agrippa, Henricus Cornelis de Nettesheim (1486-1535) from Cologne, Germany was a prominent humanist and alchemist who wrote "De Occulta Philosophia" (1531) and travelled all over Western Europe. His works are of importance but not very original, since he derived much from Erasmus, Trithemius and Reuchlin. He was the model for Goethe's Faust.
Ort167.3.
Aimoinus of Münich (10th century) was a Benedict monk who wrote a "History of Franks" (Ortelius nevertheless consistently refers to "History of the French") in 5 books, full of fables and legends. It was published with comments by Badius Ascencius in Paris, 1514.
Ort87.8, 92.17;
History of the French: Ort34.8, 36.20, 56.7, 57.8
Aitzinger, Michaël (1530-1598) was a historian and cartographer from Obereitzing, Upper Austria. He wrote "Itinerarium Belgicum", Cologne 1577, and was possibly responsible for "Itinerarium Orbis Christiani", 1579-1580, a route map for pilgrims said to be the first printed road atlas (Ort172), but best known for his "Leo Belgicus", a mapof the 17 Provinces in the shape of a lion.
Ort172.19.
Alarchonius, Ferdinand (16th century) was a Spaniard who joined Vasquez’ expedition to the North American west coast (1540-1542) and reported on the coasts there in "Relacion del descrubriemiento de la siete cividades" which Ramusio included in his compilations.
Ort9.40, 10.40, 11.43.
Alarcon see Alarchonius.
Albacarius or Albuquerque (died in 1515) wrote 114 Letters (Ort149) about the Indies to the King of Portugal.
Ort194.30; Letters: Ort149.14.
Albertus Leander (1479-1552) from Italy wrote an influential work describing Italy, called "Descrittione di tutta Italia" (Ort121,122,125,129,131,140), Bologna 1550, Venice 1561, 1568, 1577 and 1581. It was published in a Latin translation by Wilhelm Kyriander in Cologne, Germany in 1567. Leander also quotes Commentaries of Augustinus Iustinianus On Corsica (Ort137).
Ort117.5, 117.41, 118.5, 118.41, 119.3, 119.11, 120.8, 123.10, 127.7, 127.9, 128.8, 129.14b, 129.14c, 130.6, 130.13, 130.21, 132.10, 132.12, 133.9, 133.15, 133.17, 137.18, 137.36, 138.3, 139.9, 141.5, 141.13, 143.9, 143.16, 210.26;
Description of Italy: Ort121.8, 121.16, 122.8. 125.2, 125.7, 129.14, 140.8, quoting Aretino in "Italy": Ort131.7, 131.17;
Quoting the Commentaries of Augustinus Iustinianus On Corsica: Ort137.26.
Alberti Leander see Albertus Leander.
Alberti Leandro see Albertus Leander.
Albinus, Petrus Nivemontius (16th century) was a professor in Wirtenberg and a Historiographer. He wrote a "Meissen Chronicle" published in Wirtenberg in 1580, further "Historia Thuringorum" and "Commentatiuncula de Walachia" which appeared in Wirtenberg in 1587.
Ort93.4, 96.11, 193.53.
Albricus see Albacarius.
Alcibiades (c.450-404 B.C.) was a Greek politician and army commander , raised by his uncle Pericles. He was a follower of Socrates. He was briljant and ambitious, but also ruthless.
Ort186.10.
Alcuinus (c. 735-804) of York was an Anglo-Saxon scholar and librarian who wrote a History of Charles the Great (Ort131). He merged ecclesiastical and profane scholarship.
Histories of Charles: Ort131.4.
Aldo Manutio, see Manutio, Aldo.
Aldroando, Ulysses (1522-1607) of Bologna, Italy was an archeologist who published "Le Antichità della città di Roma" Venice 1556, mainly dealing with statues from antiquity. He did this with the help of Maurus Lucius.
Ort129.17.
Aleotti, Ioannes Baptista (1546-1636) also Argenta, made a single sheet map of the Ferrara area in 1603 which was the model for Vrients’ Ferrara map (Ort133)
Mentioned in the cartouche of the Ferrara map as its maker, Ort133; further in the map text:
Ort129.17.
Alexander, Andreas see Andreas Alexander.
Alexander Citolinus see Citolinus.
Alexander, Georgius (Roman times?) edited the works of Tacitus. He is cited by Volaterranus (Ort147).
As cited by Volaterranus: Ort147.27.
Alexander Neville see Neville, Alexander.
Alexandrinus Appianus see Appianus Alexandrinus.
Alexandrinus Clemens see Clemens.
Alexandrinus, Dionysius (third century A.D.) was a Greek writer who wrote to oppose the views of Paul of Samosata who became Bishop of Alexandria.
Ort144.6, 145.3, 232.24.
Alexius Ugonio see Ugonio, Alexius.
Alfons de Meneses see Meneses, Alfons.
Al-Hassan Ibn Mohammed Alwazzan see Leo Africanus.
Alonso de Ulloa see Ulloa, Alonso de
Alphonsus Hispanus (15th century) wrote "Sigismundiana", a collection of poems.
Ort121.15, 140.7.
Althamer, Andreas (16th century) published and commented on Tacitus’ "Germania" (Ort105,106) in 1529.
Ort56.8, 57.9, 194.32;
Quoting Tacitus' Germania: Ort105.3, 106.3.
Althamerus see Althamer.
Altissiodorensis see Enricus of Auxerre.
Alvaradus, Petrus (died around 1540) from Portugal was a famous explorer who lived for some time in Æthiopia. His travel report, originally written in Portuguese was translated into Latin, Italian, French and German. The Italian translation is considered best, and appeared in Ramusio’s compilations. The French translation by Jean Bellere was published in Antwerp in 1558.
Ort9.32, 10.32, 11.35.
Alvarez, Francesco (1465-1541) of Coimbra, Portugal, was an explorer who visited Aetiopia and wrote about his experiences in "Travels" (Ort175).
Ort8.15;
Travels: Ort175.10, 175.17, 175.19.
Alvares, Nunnius see Alvarez, Nunnius.
Alvarez, Nunnius (16th century) was a captain who explored the seas .
Ort9.34, 10.34, 11.37.
Amadæus, Theodorus of Svallenberg (?) wrote a book on Rhodes (Ort174).
Rhodes: Ort174.4.
Amantius Bartholomæus (16th century) was a lawyer from Landsberg, Germany who published "Florilegium sententiarum græcarum et latinarum" <= collection of opinions of the Greek and Romans> in Ingolstadt or Dillingen.
Ort1.59, 2.59, 3.64.
Amaseo, Gregorius (1464-1541) from Udine, Italy wrote a "Descriptio geographica Italiæ et Provinciæ Forojuliensis ad Leandrum Bononiensem". He was a partner of Candidus (Ort119). He drew a map of Friuli and translated Cepha.
Ort119.11;
Translator of Cepha: Ort178.8, 179.8.
Ambrosio de Morales see Morales Ambrosio de.
Ambrosius (339-397) was a church father who among many other works wrote "Epistle to Rusticus" (Ort196) and "Sermons" (Ort227).
Ort218.28;
Epistle to Rusticus: Ort196.61.
Sermon 5 concerning Psalm 118: Ort227.18;
Amil Resende see Resende, Andreas.
Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 330-395) from Antiochia wrote a history of Rome called "Historia" (Ort197,198) published in Rome in 1474. It was intended to be a sequel of Tacitus’ "Annales", starting at the death of Domitianus and ending with the defeat of the Romans by the Goths at Adrianople in 378. This publication was rediscovered by Poggio Braccolini and published by Frobenius in Basel 1533, by Accorso in Augsburg, also in 1533, and by Gelenius in Basel. This history is quoted by Petrus Pithæus in his "Adversaria" (Ort 196).
Ort16.5a, 36.10, 38.2, 42.4, 44.4, 45.4, 47.4, 149.6, 190.33, 190.34, 192.8, 194.5, 194.6, 194.14, 196.4, 196.5, 196.38, 196.41, 196.84, 196.116, 199.15, 200.15, 203.24, 209.13, 209.14, 209.15, 209.17, 209.18, 212.6, 213.5, 213.6, 214.2, 214.3, 214.5, 214.14, 216.14, 219.7, 219.18, 220.2, 221.8, 221.28, 221.29, 221.32, 221.33, 226.58, 226.89, 226.95, 232.2, 232.7, 232.23, 232.25, 232.28,
Bk. 6: 190.6, 190.40, Bk.14: Ort187.1-5, 216.4, Bk.15: Ort34.9, 36.21, Bk.17: Ort222.16, Bk.18: Ort192.14, Bk.19 & Bk.21: Ort229.2, Bk.22: Ort174.5a, 213.9, 216.18, 232.18, 232.19, Bk.23: Ort7.7, Bk.24: Ort167.3, Bk.26: Ort199.9, 200.9, 207.3, 208.3, Bk.30: Ort217.5;
History Bk.15: Ort197.17, 198.17, Bk.16, quoted by Petrus Pithæus in Bk.3 of his Adversaria: Ort196.105, 196.106.
Ammonius (1485-1556) was a humanist of Belgium who published a translation in Latin of Chrystostomus' "Homily on Providence". He was mostly known because of his "Epistles".
Ort38.5.
Anania, Bartholomæus see Ananiensis Bartholomæus.
Anania, Laurentius see Ananiensis Bartholomæus.
Anania, Lorenzo d’ see Ananiensis, Bartholomæus.
Ananiensis, Bartholomeus (16th century) from Taverna, Calabria, Italy published "Cosmografia overo l’universale fabrica del mondo" Venice 1582 and "Sermons" (Ort1).
Ort3.55;
Sermon (in Italian) Ort 1.50.
Anastasius, Emperor (reigned 491-518 A.D.) of Constantinople is quoted by Glycas (Ort196).
Ort210.14, 221.38;
Quoted by Glycas: Ort196.23.
Anaximander (611-547 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher, pupil of Thales, who concentrated on non-religious explanations of physical phenomena.
Ort186.8.
Anconitanus Cyriacus see Cyriacus Anconitatus.
Andreas Alexander (16th century) was a scholar from Naples, Italy who wrote "Della guerra de Campagna di Roma e del Regno di Napoli nel pontificato di Paolo IV l’anno 1556, 1557" (Ort139), published by Hieronymus Ruscelli in Venice in 1560.
Arria, Bk.1: Ort199.71, 200.71 (which Alexander?);
The war between Philip and Paul IV (published by Hieronymus Ruscellus): Ort139.10.
Andreas Althamer see Althamer Andreas.
Andreas Resende see Resende, Andreas.
Andreas Schott see Schott Andreas.
Andreus Resende see Resende, Andreas.
Angiolello, Giovanni Maria (15th century) from Vicenza, Italy wrote a history of Mahomet II in Turkish and Italian, entitled "Breve narrazione della vita e fatti del sig. Ussun-Cassano, ré di Persia", published by Ramusio in Venice in 1559.
Ort167.10.
Annius Viterbiensis see Annius of Viterbo.
Annius of Viterbo "the Unreliable" (1430-1502) from Viterbo, Italy was a Dominican clergyman who through falsifications created havoc in many scientific publications of his time. His "Antiquitatum variarum volumina XVII cum commentariis" (Ort130), Rome 1498, discusses a series of presumably lost works by Berosus (Ort117), Fabius, Pictor, Cato, Manetho, Sempronius and others. Ortelius does not seem to have been aware that Annius was totally unreliable. Annius’ falsifications were also copied by Zanchi.
Ort25.8, 29.6, 30.8, 32.2, 207.5, 208.5;
Antiquities of Etruria: Ort130.13;
Commentaries on Berosus: Ort117.33, 118.33; Bk.7 quoting Cato 131.25
Annonius from München see Aimoinus.
Antigonius (third century B.C.) wrote "De Mirabilibus" <= About Wonders> (Ort203,211,224), and quotes Myrsilius (Ort216).
Ort12.9, 210.24, 211.12, 214.20-22, 216.5, 216.20, 216.41, 217.4, 217.23, 217.25, 217.29;
De Mirabilibus: Ort203.18, 224.48, Bk. 1: Ort211.12;
Quoting Myrsilius: Ort216.21.
Antigonus see Antigonius.
Antonini Augusti Itinerarum (second century A.D.), (Ort229,230) is a book on the Roman military roads, probably written by the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161 A.D.). He won fame for his integrity as proconsul of Asia and joined Emperor Hadrian’s circle of advisors, and later became his successor. In the Renaissance his book was published by Christoforus Longolii in Paris 1512, further Venice 1518, and Florence 1526.
Itinerarium Augustanum: Ort228.5-7, 229.5.
Antonini Augusti Provinciarum, a book on the Roman provinces, probably written by Antoninus Pius, (see above, cf. Hessels nr. 146), published by the Jesuit Andreas Schott in the early 16th century.
Antoninus is mentioned on mapsheet Ort191 no less than 20 times, mainly as providing a variant for a place name; on Ort220, mentioned on the mapsheet a number of times;
230.17-18;
Notitia Provinciarum: Ort228.7.
Antoninus Florentinus (1389-1459), Dominican and reformer, was Archbishop from Florence, Italy. He wrote "Confessionale: Defecerunt scrutantes scrutinio" (Confessions), 1479, a world chronicle (Ort1,2,3) "Roman Annals" (Ort2,3) and a "Journal" (Ort107,108).
Ort19.33, 19.34, 19.39w, 19.41y, 54.6, 60.5, 192.68, 204.11, 205.11;
History Bk.1, ch.3: Ort1.29, 2.29, 3.32;
Annals of the Roman Empire: 2.20, 3.22;
Journal Ort107.4, 108.4.
Antoninus Liberalis (abt. 150 A.D.) wrote "Metamorphoses" in which he discusses a great variety of subjects, including how the bladder of a goat caught the dangerous semen of King Minos in a woman’s vagina.
Ort189.26, 189.27, 210.24, 222.21, 226.55.
Antoninus Pius see Antonini Augusti Itinerarum and Antonini Augusti Provinciarum.
Antonius Ælius Spartianus (fourth century AD) belonged to the group of authors who together provided the contents of "Historia Augusta", a collection of the lives of some 30 Roman Emperors over the period 117-284 A.D. He is well known for his "Life of Hadrianus" (Ort231).
Ort28.12, 28.30, 49.3, Ort82.2, 83.2, 192.59, 199.9, 200.9, 207.6, 208.6, 218.20, 222.34;
Life of Emperor Hadrianus: Ort231.26;
Pescennio : 196.116
Antonius Augustus or Augustinus (1517-1586) was Archbishop of Tarragona, Spain. He wrote "Dialogos de las Medallas, Inscripciones y otras anteguetades" (Ort31,222), Tarragona, 1587 in which he accuses Cyracius Anconitanus of falsifications.
Ort193.53, 196.4;
Dialogues on Ancient coins, medals and other ancient inscriptions: Ort222.44, Ch.11: Ort31.9.
Antonius Possevinus see Possevinus Antonius.
Antonius Veronensis see Veronensis Antonius.
Apher, Dionysius, see Dionysius Apher.
Apianus, Peterus see Appianus, Petrus.
Apianus Cyracius see Cyracius Appianus.
Apicius, Cælius (first century A.D.) was a well-known gastronomer who wrote a cook book.
Ort203.30, 203.32.
Appianus Petrus, "a writer of good reputation and a diligent Chorographer", (1495-1552) designed a map of Bavaria (Ort110), and wrote a "Cosmography" together with Gemma Frisius. He also wrote a "History of France (Ort197,198), "Peregrination of St Paul" (Ort181), "Mithridatica" (Ort226) and "Annibalica" (Ort206).
Mentioned in the cartouche of the second Bavaria map as its maker, Ort110;
Ort1.58, 2.58, 3.63, 136.5, 189.26, 192.5, 192.9, 199.36, 199.37, 199.45, 200.36, 200.37, 200.45, 209.14, 213.15, 214.2, 223.12;
Map of Bayern: Ort110.3, 110.10;
History of France: Ort197.17, 198.17;
Peregrination of Saint Paul: Ort181.3;
Mithridatica: Ort226.10.
Annibalica: Ort206.3;
Apollinaris, Gaius Sollius Sidonius (430-480), was canonised as Saint Sidonius Apollinaris. He was a notable Gallo-Roman poet and Bishop of Augustonemetum <= Clermont-Ferrand>. He was born at Lugdunum <= Lyon> of a prominent Christian family. When his wife’s father Avitus was proclaimed Roman Emperor of the West in 455, Sidonius produced a panegyric in verse for which he was rewarded with a statue in the Ulpian Library of Trajanus at Rome. When Avitus was dethroned in 456, Sidonius was reconciled to the new Emperor Maioranus, for whom he wrote a Panegyric (Ort193,196,217) in 458. When Maioranus was overthrown in 461, Sidonius withdrew to Gaul, but wrote a third panegyric for the later Emperor Anthemius. He became Bishop in 469. He also wrote "Propemptikon" (Ort229). Sidonius was one of the last major figures of classical culture. He also wrote poems, nine books of letters, and invented the palindrome "Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor" <= Rome, your love, will suddenly collapse in disturbances>.
Ort37.11, 43.9, 49.9, 49.22, 193.64, 196.7, 199.36, 199.40, 200.36, 200.40, 209.13-18;
Panegyric to Maioranus: Ort193.29, 196.7, 217.12; Propempt<ikon>: Ort229.4.
Apollo, Horus (8th century B.C.?) a mythological figure was supposed to be the son of Osiris, the last Egyptian pharao, called Apollo by the Greeks. Apollo Horus is said to have put down Typhon and was the last god to be king of Egypt, as reported in Herodotus’ "Enquiries", Book 2.
Ort219.8, 221.9, 221.45.
Apollodorus or (incorrectly) Appolodorus (about 140 B.C.) of Athens was the author of a long treatise in Greek prose "On the Gods" and of a "Chronicle" covering the period from the fall of Troy to 144 B.C. He also wrote "Biblioteke" (Ort216), a study of Greek heroic mythology, but the uncritical work that survives under this name was probably compiled in the first or second century A.D. Appolodorus is quoted by Strabo (Ort224).
Ort203.19, 217.31, 219.2, 221.2, 226.5, 226.8, 226.13, 226.14, 226.17, 226.20, 226.21, 226.24, 226.27, 226.29-32, 226.34, 226.36, 226.38, 226.40, 226.41, 226.48-50, 226.52, 226.54, 226.57, 226.61, 226.63, 226.64, 226.67-69, 226.75-80, 226.85-88, 226.92, 226.93, 226.95, 226.96;
Biblioteca Bk.1: Ort216.30;
Cited by Strabo: Ort224.29.
Apollonius Levinus (born in 1510) of Belgium travelled to America and died on such a journey on the Canary islands. He wrote "Libri quinque de Peruviæ regionis inter novi orbis provincias celeberrimæ inventione et rebus in eadem gestis" Antwerp 1567, and "De navigatione in terram Floridam, deque clade an. 1565 ab Hispanis accepta" Antwerp 1568.
Ort9.27, 10.26, 11.30, 189.30, 199.20, 200.20, 209.22.
Apollonius Rhodius (295-215 B.C.) was a Hellenistic poet from Alexandria, Egypt, who spent the later part of his life on Rhodes. He was tutor to Ptolemy III, and head of the Alexandrian Library. His main surviving work is "Argonautica" (Ort186,212,226). This was the only epic before Virgil’s "Aeneid" that could be compared with Homer in subject and intent, and also the first epic to give prominence to the concept of Love, viz. Medea’s for Jason. Appolonius was much admired in late antiquity, and is one of the few Hellenistic poets whose work survived in medieval manuscripts. Apollonius also wrote History of strange and wonderful things" where he quotes Cytinus Chius (Ort192) if indeed it is this Apollonius.
Ort213.3, 226.2, 226.3, 226.12, 226.13, 226.17, 226.18, 226.22-24, 226.26, 226.27, 226.30, 226.32, 226.36, 226.38-41, 226.43, 226.44, 226.47, 226.48, 226.51, 226.52, 226.54-58, 226.60, 226.61, 226.65, 226.66, 226.68-70, 226.72, 226.73, 226.76, 226.79, 226.81, 226.83, 226.87, 226.91, 226.96;
Argonauts Bk.4: Ort186.14, 212.25, Bk.4 Ch.15: Ort226.8; Quoting Cytinus Chius in History of strange things: Ort191.14, 192.77.
Appianus Alexandrinus (4th century A.D) "the serious writer and diligent Chorographer" was a Roman writer who wrote "De civilius bellis historiæ" (Ort224), (first published in 1551) about Roman civil war.
Ort144.7, 144.8, 144.9, 145.4, 145.5, 145.6, 187.5, 190.2, 190.31, 190.35, 193.12, 203.4, 203.6, 203.19, 203.20, 203.22, 203.31, 218.3, 218.15, 218.17, 218.19, 218.24,
Bk.1: Ort146.15, Bk.2: Ort196.60, Bk.5: Ort142.17;
Civil War Bk.5: Ort224.22.
Appianus Petrus see Apianus Petrus.
Appius Claudius Cæcus (third century B.C.) was a famous Roman censor, an obstinate man with original views. He built the first Roman aquaduct and the Via Appia which leads from Rome to Brindisi. He is the first Roman prose writer, and was by Cicero considered as a notable orator. He composed aphorisms in Saturnian verse, a few of which have survived. They include: "faber est suæ quique fortunæ" <= a man is the creator of his own fate>.
Ort136.4.
Appolodorus see Apollodorus.
Appolonius Levinus see Apollonius Levinus.
Appolonius Rhodius see Apollonius Rhodius.
Apuleius, Madaurensis Lucius (born c. 123 A.D.), Roman Rhetorist from Numidia, was strongly influenced by Plato, and wrote a philosophical treatise "De Mundo" <About the World> (Ort1,2,3) which was very popular in the 16th century, although of little significance. He also wrote "Florida" (Ort166), excepts from his orations. Ortelius refers to both works. Also "Apologies" (Ort193), "De Deo Socratis" (Ort231) and "Metamorphoses" containing "Golden Ass" (Ort218,224). Editions of his work were published and commented on by Bonaventura Vulcanius, Jos. Scaliger and Janus Gruterus.
Ort218.13, 221.26, 222.4, 231.15;
About the World: Ort1.15, 2.15, 3.15;
Floridorum Bk.1: Ort166.8;
First Apology: Ort193.18;
De Deo Socratis: Ort231.19;
Golden Ass Bk.2: Ort224.2, Bk.6: Ort218.28, 218.30, Bk.11: Ort218.28, 218.29.
Aquilius, Heinrich (16th century) of Arnhem, Netherlands, was a historian who wrote "Compendium Chronici Geldrici" (Ort61,62), 1566 and "De ducibus Geldriæ".
Chronicle: Ort61.10, 62.10.
Aquitanus, Prosper (16th century) wrote "Sancti Prosperi presbyteri Aquitanici adversus inimicos gratiæ Dei libellus…", 1524, Mainz.
Ort22.37
Arab, Paraphrast (after 700 A.D) was an anonymous interpreter of Mohammed’s Alkoran in "Pet."(?) (Ort221).
Pet.2.13: Ort221.9.
Arcases (10th century B.C.?) was a mythical historian who first wrote about the Parthians.
Ort110.11.
Archelaus "the Chorographer"(fifth century B.C.) was king of Macedonia, memorably portrayed by Plato in his "Gorgias", a monster of cruelty, but he also entertained poets, including Euripides. He is quoted by Diogenes Laërtius (Ort222).
Quoted by Diogenes Laërtius: Ort222.2.
Ardens (Roman times) "the Poet" is an unidentified person who is quoted by Hieronymus (Ort177).
Quoted by Hierome: Ort177.22.
Aretinus, Brunus Leonardus (1369-1444) or Leonardo Bruni wrote "Epistolarum liber" which appeared in print in 1466, as also "De bello Italica adversus Gothos gesto" <= the Italian war againts the Goths", published by Neumeister in 1470. He is best known for his "Historia Fiorentina". Although Aretinus claims the authorship of this first printed history of the Barbaric invasions and wars in Italy, his role was actually limited to translating and editing the work by the Byzantine historian Procopius of Cæsarea. He is quoted by Leander (Ort131).
Quoted by Leander: Ort131.7.
Aretius, Claudius Marius (16th century) from Syracusa, Italy was a historiographer of Charles V who wrote "Chorographia sive de situ Siciliæ libellus", "Dialogus ubi Hispaniæ descriptio cum recentioribus nominibus" and "Descriptio Hispaniæ et Siciliæ" (Ort32) published in Lyon, France in 1552.
Ort25.8, 141.5;
Description of Spain: Ort32.2;
Chronicle on Florence : 131.25.
Argentré, Bertrand (1519-1590) from Bretagne, France wrote a "Histoire de la Bretagne" which appeared in Rennes in 1582 and in Paris in 1588.
Ort37.13.
Arias Benedictus Montanus, "the Learned", (born in 1527) from Sevilla was a good friend of Ortelius who lived in Antwerp for a considerable time and who was instrumental in Ortelius' appointment as King Philip’s Royal Geographer, a distinction awarded to him by the Duke of Alva in 1573. He designed a map in his "Apparatus Biblicus" which was appended to the bible of the King of Spain (Ort181). He also wrote "Commentaries on Obadiah" (Ort193). Ortelius dedicates his ancient Spain map (Ort193) in the following words: Dedicated to the excellent theologist Lord Benedictus Arias Montanus, a man well versed in languages, knowledgeable in matters, and with great integrity in life by Abraham Ortelius in friendship and due reverence.
Dedication of Ancient Spain map (Ort193). Further in map texts: Ort123.15, 193.8, 221.3, 221.10;
Map in Apparatus Biblicus, appended to the Bible of the King of Spain: Ort181.3;
Commentaries on Obadiah: 193.5;
Chaleb : 172.19;
Quoted by Ortelius: Ort175.8.
Ariosto or Ariotusus, Franciscus (died in 1492) was a philosopher and professor from Ferrara, Italy who also wrote poetry and who was nicknamed "the divine"
Ort133.16-17, 134.25
: Verse 43, line 32 Ort133.7, 133.20
Ariovistus (1st century B.C.) was not a writer but chief of the Germanic Suevi, and called to Gallia in 71 B.C. to assist a Gallic tribe in local warfare. The Roman Senate acknowledged his conquests, but he was eventually routed by Cæsar in 58 B.C. and died soon afterwards.
Ort199.73, 200.73;
Being reported to by Cæsar: Ort200.60.
Aristarchus (c. 215-143 B.C.) of Samothrace was head of the Alexandrian Library and originator of professional scholarship. He wrote commentaries on Greek classical authors, and also treatises on a variety of topics such as Greek grammar, tragedies and histories like those by Herodotus.
Ort224.13.
Aristeides, Ælius (117-189 A.D.) was a Greek rhetorician who spent much of his life giving demonstrations of his rhetorical talents. Fifty-five of his orations have survived. Visiting Rome at the age of 26, he was struck by an illness, perhaps of a psychological nature, from which he suffered for the rest of his life. He sought a cure in the temple of Asclepius at Pergamum, and left an account of the dreams he experienced there in a book called "Sacred Teachings" which is interesting as a record of the personal religious experiences of a pagan. He was known to the physician Galenus who cited him as an example of a person whose power of oratory had "caused his body to waste away".
Ort213.3.
Aristoteles (384-322 B.C.) was much admired by humanists in the Renaissance. His complete works were translated into Latin and commented upon by Desiderius Erasmus in 1531. Cochlæus published his Metereology (Ort182,183,196,213) with comments in Nurnberg in 1512. Julius Cæsar Scalinger, father of the well known philologist Jos. Scaliger has written a Commentary on the books about plants by Aristotle which was published in Leiden in 1556. The Spanish Count Laguna translated Aristotle’s "Peri Kosmou", into Latin as "De Mundo" (Ort1,2,3,189) and published this in Alcala, Spain, in 1538. He also wrote "Miracles of Nature (Ort142,196,210), a "Letter to Alexander the Great" (Ort190, 192), "On living creatures" (Ort193), and "De Admiranda" <= About Admirable Matters> (Ort12,196,203,206,209,210,211,226). Further "Pollux" (Ort207,208), "Problems" (Ort213), and "Politics" (Ort193,196,197,199,200). Modern scholarship has established that "Peri Kosmou" "De Mundo" and "Pollux" have not been written by Aristoteles.
Ort140.2, 142.2, 183.32, 183.33, 189.5, 189.13, 192.42, 193.51, 194.29, 196.12, 196.20, 196.93, 210.22, 216.11, 219.3, 221.3;
Meteorologies Bk.1 & 2: 213.20, Bk.2: Ort182.28, 183.28, Bk.2, Ch.8: Ort196.35;
Miracles of Nature: Ort142.12, 196.28, 196.32, 210.23;
De Mundo: Ort1.9, 2.9, 3.9, 189.27;
Letter to Alexander the Great: 190.2, 190.35, 192.9;
On Living Creatures Bk.5-6: Ort193.59;
De Admirandis: Ort12.9, 196.12, 196.92, 203.14, 203.26, 203.35, 203.36, 206.10, 209.27, 210.23, 211.6, 226.7;
Pollux: Ort207.9, 208.9;
Problems: Ort213.10.
Politics Bk.7: Ort193.25, 196.79, Bk.8: Ort199.40, 200.40.
Aristotle see Aristoteles.
Arluno Bernardinensis (?) from Milan, Italy wrote a history on Milan called "Historiarum ab origine urbis Mediol. Ad nostra usque tempora" also published in excerpts as "De Bello Veneto" (six books) and "Bellum Gallicum".
Ort125.7.
Armenus, Haithon, Antonie see Haitho.
Arngrimus, Jonas (1568-1648) of Iceland wrote a manuscript called "Liber de Gronlandia" which Ortelius refers to as "Treatise on Iceland" (Ort161).
Treatise on Iceland: Ort161.8, 161.13, 161.14, 161.16, 161.20, 161.21, 161.25, 161.26, 161.27, 161.28.
Arnobius Africanus (third century A.D.) was a famous and well respected orator who was educated in North Africa. He has written much against the pagans, such as "Contra Gentes" (Ort207,208).
Ort207.7, 208.7, 209.14, 222.43;
Contra Gentes Bk.6: Ort222.38, Bk.7: Ort207.8, 208.8.
Arnold Fretagh see Frethag Arnold.
Arquerus, Sigismundus (1523-1571) from Cagliari, Italy was burnt at the stake in Toledo. He studied at Pisa and Siena and contributed an interesting "Sardiniæ brevis historia et descriptio" to the second volume of Münster’s "Cosmographia" (Basel, 1550, p.242-250). Münster also used his map of Sardinia.
Quoted by Münster: Ort141.8.
Arrianus Flavius (born abt. 85 A.D.) was a Greek historian from Nicomedia who became a successful officer in the Roman army and who later was appointed consul and legate in Cappadocia. He retired to Athens, where he was archon in 145/146. He wrote an "Anabasis" of Alexander the Great, the last book of which is called "Indike" later printed as "Arriani Flavii et Hannonis Periplus" (Ort12,224), published in Basel in 1553. Also: "Arriani Flavii: Ponti Euxini et Maris Erythræi Periplus" published and commented on by Stuckius (Ort212,213), Geneva 1577. Ramusio refers to Arrianus’ "Lettera intorno al Mare Maggiore" and "Nearcho, navigatione in quale scritta Arriano". He also wrote a book "On Germany" (Ort104) and "Expeditionis Alexandris libri septem et historia indica" (1497) or "Life of Alexander" (Ort166).
Mentioned in the cartouche of the Erythrei map as its source; further in map texts : Ort8.14, 189.7, 189.27, 199.36, 199.37, 200.36, 200.37, 212.3, 213.9, 214.4, 215.9, 216.43, 222.3, 222.8, 224.42, Bk.5: Ort7.3;
De Indicis: Ort12.10, 224.52, 224.54, 224.58;
De Indicis, commented on by William Stuckius: Ort212.30, 213.9;
On Germany: Ort104.2;
Life of Alexander: Ort166.8.
Artemedorus see Artimidorus.
Artimidorus (late second century A.D.) of Daldis in Lydia, Greece, was the author of the Greek work "Oneirocritica" an interpretation of dreams. According to Ortelius, he also wrote "Porphyry" (Ort217), but this is incorrect.
Ort31.5, 193.35, 196.31, 220.3, 221.35, 224.14;
Porphyry: Ort217.29;
Artemidorus in Ptolemæus' Geography 191.14.
Artopœus, Petrus (16th century) made a map of Pomerania which was used by Ortelius. He is quoted by Münster in his Cosmographey (Ort158).
Ort84.5;
Quoted by Münster in his Cosmographey: Ort158.10, 158.11.
Asclepiades or Sicelidas "the Philosopher" (born about 320 B.C.) was one of the earliest Greek writers of epigrams in the Hellenistic age, and a contemporary of Philetas and Theocritus. He gave his name to "asclepiad" metres, used earlier by Sappho and Alcæus, because he revived this form of poetry.
Ort224.14, 232.18.
Asklepiades see Asclepiades.
Assonleville, Christophorus of (?) was a knight, ruler of Altevilla, and first councillor of King Philips the second and mentioned as the dedicatee of the Africae Propriæ map (Ort218).
Mentioned as the person to whom Ortelius dedicated the Africæ Propriæ map, Ort218.
Athanasius (abt. 295-373) was a Bishop of Alexandria who was prosecuted by his enemies for his strong Christian faith, who were successful in banishing him. With the help of Emperor Constantius he returned to Alexandria in 346, only to be banished again. He defended his faith against the "Arians" and wrote "Against the Arians" in 3 volumes. He also left "Letters’ and "Description of Antonius the Heremit".
Ort184.3, 220.2, 220.6, 221.33, 221.41.
Athanasius see Athanasias.
Athenæus (about 200 A.D.) from Naukratis, Egypt, wrote "Deipnosophistai" <= men learned in the arts of banquets>, (Ort193,203,214,216,217,224), the banquet being the forum of 23 learned men, some with the names of real persons such as Galenus and Ulpianus, to discuss philosophy, literature, law, medicine and other disciplines. It also contains much practical detail relating to ancient food, wine, and dining customs, with many anecdotes. In "Deipnosophiston" Athenæus quotes Posidonius (Ort203) and Thimon (Ort207,208,214,216,224). This work is usually referred to by Ortelius as "Deipnosophiston".
Ort189.9, 193.20, 193.23, 193.24, 194.6, 196.15, 196.16, 196.21, 196.26, 196.70, 196.72, 196.76, 196.107, 196.116, 199.46, 199.47, 200.46, 200.47, 203.24, 203.28, 209.14, 209.17, 209.18, 210.12, 211.12, 213.16, 214.7, 214.17, 214.18, 215.2, 216.6, 216.17, 216.21, 216.24, 216.32, 216.33, 216.38, 216.41, 216.43, 217.6, 217.14, 217.19, 217.24, 217.29, 218.8, 220.2, 221.28, 221.33, 222.2, 222.4, 222.11, 224.8, 224.26, 224.46, 226.53, 231.4, 231.22;
Bk. 4: Ort232.27, Bk. 5&10: Ort232.26, Bk. 6 Ort190.2, 190.36;
Deipnosophistai: Ort193.19, 217.8;
Bk.4 & 12, quoting Timon: Ort207.10, 208.10, Bk.6: Ort192.10, 216.26; Bk.7: as reported by Polybius Ort12.9, Bk.8: Ort193.47, Ch.1: Ort26.8, based on Polybius’ 34th book of Histories: Ort196.27, Bk.9: Ort 142.19, Bk.10: Ort214.27, Bk.12: Ort214.15, 216.34, Bk.13: Ort196.88, Bk.14: Ort224.55;
Quoted by Dalechampius: Ort196.28;
Quoted by Eusthatius: Ort214.4;
Quoted by Sosipater: Ort196.70;
Quoting Possidonius: Ort 196.70, 196.82, 196.86;
Quoting Cratinus Comicus’ De Ulysses: Ort224.32;
Reporting to Andreas: Ort136.10
Atrobius (Roman times?) is an unidentified Roman author.
Ort222.11.
Augustinus Justinianus see Giustiniani.
Augustinus, Aurelius, Saint (354-430) wrote "De Civitate Dei", first printed in Venice, 1475, (Ort189,193,196,210,218).
Ort178.8, 179.8, 182.29, 183.29, 222.20;
De Civitate Dei: Ort193.59, 196.30, 196.106, 218.27, Bk.16: Ort189.4, Bk.18 Ch.16: Ort210.24.
Augustus, Emperor (63 B.C.-14 A.D), also Julius Primus, was the first and perhaps the greatest of the Roman Emperors. He ended civil war, ruled with wisdom and brought peace for many years. He was a patron of the arts and tried to revive traditional Roman religion.
Ort3.20.
As quoted by Plinius: Ort209.2.
Augustus Antonius see Antonius Augustus.
Aurelius Cornelius see Cornelius, Aurelius.
Aurelius Sextus Victor see Victor Aurelius
Aurifaber, Andreas, also Goldschmidt (1514-1559) of Vratislava was a doctor in Königsberg, Prussia, who wrote a treatise "On Amber" (Ort156,157).
On Amber: Ort156.19, 157.19.
Ausonius (309-394) lived in Bordeaux, France. He wrote "Lectiones" which were commented on and published by Elias Vinet and Jos. Scaliger in Leiden in 1574. He also wrote an "Epigram on Queen Dido" (Ort223), "Perioch" (Ort224), and "Epitaphs" (Ort224). He quotes Saint Paulinus (Ort189) and is quoted by Scaliger (Ort193) and Vinetus (Ort194).
Ort38.2, 38.6, 47.4, 60.3, 165.8, 196.15, 196.105, 203.10, 206.2, 209.13-18, 224.2, 224.10, 224.22;
Epigram on Queen Dido: Ort223.13;
Perioch: Ort224.7, 224.13;
Epitaphs: Ort224.30;
Quoting Saint Paulinus: 189.2;
Quoted by Scaliger: Ort193.9;
Quoted by Vinetus: Ort194.32.
Austen, Saint (?).
Ort196.106.
Aventinus, Ioannes (16th century) wrote and published "Annales ducum Boiariæ" <= annals of the dukes of Bavaria> (Ort1,2,3,56) in Ingolstad, Germany in 1554, and in Basel, Switzerland in 1580. It deals with other regions than Bavaria as well. He is mentioned as the maker of the Ortelius’ Bavaria map Ort109.
Mentioned on the first Bavaria map as its maker, Ort109.
Ort100.4, 100.9, 106.12, 107.2, 107.15, 108.2, 108.15, 109.7, 110.11, 152.7, 153.7, 194.32, 196.49;
Bavarian Annals Bk.2: Ort1.31, 2.31, 3.34, 56.7, 56.8.
Avicenna (983-1037) wrote "De ægritudinibus nervorum", an early treatise on nervous diseases.
Ort164.2;
Bk.1 Part 2 Ch.47: Ort221.6, Tome 2, Bk.2, Ch.283: Ort175.6, Bk.2, Tract.2, Ch.596: Ort180.22, 180.44.
Avienus, Rufus Festus Sextus (fourth century A.D.) was a native of Bolsena twice appointed consul. He translated a poem describing the world written by Dionysius Periegetis Apher and also wrote "Oræ Maritimæ <= sea coasts> (Ort3,192), a confused account of the coastal regions of the Mediterranean. He is quoted by Hippius (Ort203).
Ort189.24, 190.24, 190.32, 190.33, 190.65, 191.13, 192.6, 192.7, 192.68, 192.76, 193.2, 193.31, 193.72, 199.4, 200.4, 207.4, 208.4, 209.8, 210.2, 210.12, 210.19, 213.3, 216.36, 217.13;
Sea Coasts: Ort3.23, 192.43;
Quoted by Hippius: Ort203.29.